Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death among treatable infectious diseases. The incidence remains stable in many parts of the world, but it is increasing in Africa following the spread of HIV infection. The introduction of short therapies under direct observation (directly observed treatment, short duration - DOTS) had a significant positive effect on the incidence; however, this measure alone is not enough to solve the problem. In this regard, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a new tuberculosis control strategy, based on DOTS and taking into account the current characteristics of the disease, as well as the difficulties encountered in treatment. The objective of the new strategy is to reduce the incidence and mortality from tuberculosis by 50% by 2015 compared to 1990 and to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem by 2050.

The first component of the new strategy, which is its basis, is the wider use of short-term therapies under direct supervision.

The second part of the new strategy consists of measures aimed at solving problems as important as the combination of HIV infection and tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and a specialized approach to patients at risk.

A big problem at this stage is the treatment of tuberculosis in people infected with HIV. Treating both infections at the same time increases the risk of adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and immune restoration syndrome. Adequate diagnostic methods could be of great importance, allowing tuberculosis to be detected and treatment started before highly active antiretroviral therapy.

The third component concerns the strengthening of the health system. Development of national programs to improve health care is necessary.

The fourth part of the new WHO strategy highlights the need for the participation of all health workers in the fight against tuberculosis, both in private and public establishments.

The next component is support for patients and high impact societies. By this, first of all, is meant the provision of the necessary information.

An integral part of the strategy is constant scientific research aimed at improving the control strategy itself and developing new diagnostic methods, new drugs and vaccines.

The lack of a vaccine that provides long-term protection is a huge problem. According to experts, several vaccines are currently under development.

All of the activities described will require significant financial costs. There is no doubt that developing countries need external support to deal with one of humanity’s most serious infectious threats.